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1. What Is GBL (Gamma-Butyrolactone)?
Gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL) is a colorless, oily liquid with a weak characteristic odor. It is a lactone, which is a cyclic ester, and is chemically related to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB).

Chemical Formula: C₄H₆O₂
Molecular Weight: 86.09 g/mol
Structure: A four-carbon ring containing an oxygen atom (lactone ring).

2. Common Uses
Industrial Uses
Solvent: Used in cleaning agents, paint removers, nail polish removers, and superglue removers.
Chemical Intermediate: Precursor in the synthesis of other chemicals, including GHB.
Polymer Production: Used in manufacturing some plastics and fibers.
Illicit/Recreational Uses
Recreational Drug: Consumed for its sedative and euphoric effects, as GBL is converted to GHB in the body.
Bodybuilding: Sometimes misused for its purported effects on muscle growth and fat loss.

3. Pharmacology & Effects
Mechanism of Action
Prodrug to GHB: In the body, GBL is rapidly converted to GHB by the enzyme lactonase.
GHB Activity: GHB acts on GABA-B and GHB-specific receptors in the brain, producing CNS depressant effects.
Effects
Desired Effects: Euphoria, relaxation, increased sociability, disinhibition, sleepiness.
Onset & Duration: Effects usually begin within 10–20 minutes and last 1.5–4 hours.
Side Effects
Drowsiness
Dizziness
Nausea/vomiting
Loss of motor control
Respiratory depression (at high doses)
Confusion or agitation
Risks of Overdose
Loss of consciousness
Seizures
Coma
Death (especially when combined with alcohol or other depressants)

4. Addiction & Dependence
Potential for Abuse: High; repeated use can lead to tolerance and dependence.
Withdrawal Symptoms: Anxiety, insomnia, tremors, sweating, tachycardia, hallucinations, delirium (can be severe and require medical supervision).

5. Legal Status
Varies by Country:
In the United States and Europe, GBL is regulated because it can be used to manufacture GHB (a controlled substance).
In some jurisdictions, industrial use is permitted, but sale or possession for human consumption is illegal.
Check local laws for specifics.

6. Health & Safety Concerns
Accidental Poisoning: Has occurred due to mistaking GBL for water or other benign liquids.
Mixing with Other Substances: Significantly increases risk of overdose and death, especially with alcohol, benzodiazepines, or opioids.
Unregulated Purity: Illicit GBL may contain contaminants.

7. Detection & Toxicology
Drug Testing: GBL is rapidly metabolized to GHB, so specialized tests are required.
Medical Response: No specific antidote; supportive care and monitoring are critical in cases of overdose.

8. Summary Table
Aspect    Details
Chemical Name    Gamma-Butyrolactone
Formula    C₄H₆O₂
Legal Status    Regulated/substance of concern in many countries
Uses    Industrial solvent, paint remover, GHB precursor
Effects    Sedation, euphoria, disinhibition, sleepiness
Risks    Addiction, overdose, withdrawal, death
Detection    Specialized toxicology testing
9. References & Further Reading
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) on GBLOpens a new window
U.S. DEA: GHB, GBL, and 1,4-BD Fact Sheet (PDF)Opens a new window
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): GBL ProfileOpens a new window
Note: GBL is a dangerous substance with significant health, legal, and safety risks. This breakdown is for informational purposes only and not an endorsement of its use. Always seek professional advice regarding chemicals and substances.